What do you think, from the wealth of your experience: What is the age when people should start, thinking about longevity? because obviously, I realize, no old is too old, and no young is too young, but where is that balance, when the aging really starts to kick in? Whatever [anti-aging intervention] is available at this time, or will be available in the future? 

Two answers to that. We are doing our clinical intervention studies in Singapore, we're starting with people around 45 to 60. But we're hesitant to go all the way to frail people, because they have a lot of things that are wrong. And if you believe in this network concept, that network isn't really working well anymore. And so it may not be possible to preserve it. But in taking aging interventions, either.  Dr. Brian Kennedy. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. So we think that people 45 to 65 are the ones that are really at risk of getting chronic diseases in the very near future. 

And those are the people that we can have a big impact in to start with. I think the real answer, though, is that if you really want, I'm telling the Singapore government and anybody else that wants to listen is that, if you really want to have the biggest impact on healthspan, it's a life-course approach. 

We need to be doing different things at different times.  Dr. Brian Kennedy. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. But it starts with educating children about healthy lifestyles. By healthy lifestyles, I mean, eating well, exercising, sleeping appropriately, and managing your stress levels. If you can instill that behavior in someone when they're young, that's going to have a huge impact, probably not only on their functional output throughout life, but also on their health late in life. 

And then when people get a little bit older and become adults, we should be measuring the rate that they're biologically aging using these biomarkers.  Dr. Brian Kennedy. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. 

So if someone is 25, or 30, they go to their annual checkup, we should look at their biologic age. And if it's five or 10 years older, we should be thinking now about what to do before they get sick.  Dr. Brian Kennedy. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. So I think the biomarkers are not just good for measuring interventions, they're good for diagnostic data, stratifying the population then when you get in your 40s and 50s. 

Maybe you're thinking about these kinds of interventions for testing natural products, drugs, etc. And maybe you're willing to try more radical things as you get older, but right now we're doing healthcare, pretty much opposite of the way it should be. We wait till people get really sick, and then we spend a lot of money keeping them sick as long as possible. I say that it's a little bit facetious. 

I appreciate the medical care that doctors give. I've had a birth defect. I got a bit of a car accident. Doctors have saved my life a few times. And so I'm very appreciative of that. And certainly if I get sick with something of old age, I want to be treated for that, too. So I'm not saying we should throw that stuff away. What I'm saying is we should complement it with better prevention. And that's a life course approach and thinking about aging as one of the key components.